Security Blog
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The foundation of a more secure web
January 26, 2017
Posted by Ryan Hurst, Security and Privacy Engineering
In support of our work to implement HTTPS across all of our products (
https://www.google.com/transparencyreport/https/
) we have been operating our own subordinate Certificate Authority (GIAG2), issued by a third-party. This has been a key element enabling us to more rapidly handle the SSL/TLS certificate needs of Google products.
As we look forward to the evolution of both the web and our own products it is clear HTTPS will continue to be a foundational technology. This is why we have made the decision to expand our current Certificate Authority efforts to include the operation of our own Root Certificate Authority. To this end, we have established Google Trust Services (
https://pki.goog
/), the entity we will rely on to operate these Certificate Authorities on behalf of Google and Alphabet.
The process of embedding Root Certificates into products and waiting for the associated versions of those products to be broadly deployed can take time. For this reason we have also purchased two existing Root Certificate Authorities, GlobalSign R2 and R4. These Root Certificates will enable us to begin independent certificate issuance sooner rather than later.
We intend to continue the operation of our existing GIAG2 subordinate Certificate Authority. This change will enable us to begin the process of migrating to our new, independent infrastructure.
Google Trust Services now operates the following Root Certificates:
Public Key
Fingerprint (SHA1)
Valid Until
GTS Root R1
RSA 4096, SHA-384
e1:c9:50:e6:ef:22:f8:4c:56:45:72:8b:92:20:60:d7:d5:a7:a3:e8
Jun 22, 2036
GTS Root R2
RSA 4096, SHA-384
d2:73:96:2a:2a:5e:39:9f:73:3f:e1:c7:1e:64:3f:03:38:34:fc:4d
Jun 22, 2036
GTS Root R3
ECC 384, SHA-384
30:d4:24:6f:07:ff:db:91:89:8a:0b:e9:49:66:11:eb:8c:5e:46:e5
Jun 22, 2036
GTS Root R4
ECC 384, SHA-384
2a:1d:60:27:d9:4a:b1:0a:1c:4d:91:5c:cd:33:a0:cb:3e:2d:54:cb
Jun 22, 2036
GS Root R2
RSA 2048, SHA-1
75:e0:ab:b6:13:85:12:27:1c:04:f8:5f:dd:de:38:e4:b7:24:2e:fe
Dec 15, 2021
GS Root R4
ECC 256, SHA-256
69:69:56:2e:40:80:f4:24:a1:e7:19:9f:14:ba:f3:ee:58:ab:6a:bb
Jan 19, 2038
Due to timing issues involved in establishing an independently trusted Root Certificate Authority, we have also secured the option to cross sign our CAs using:
Public Key
Fingerprint (SHA1)
Valid Until
GS Root R3
RSA 2048, SHA-256
d6:9b:56:11:48:f0:1c:77:c5:45:78:c1:09:26:df:5b:85:69:76:ad
Mar 18, 2029
GeoTrust
RSA 2048, SHA-1
de:28:f4:a4:ff:e5:b9:2f:a3:c5:03:d1:a3:49:a7:f9:96:2a:82:12
May 21, 2022
If you are building products that intend to connect to a Google property moving forward you need to at minimum include the above Root Certificates. With that said even though we now operate our own roots, we may still choose to operate subordinate CAs under third-party operated roots.
For this reason if you are developing code intended to connect to a Google property, we still recommend you include a wide set of trustworthy roots. Google maintains a sample PEM file at (
https://pki.goog/roots.pem
) which is periodically updated to include the Google Trust Services owned and operated roots as well as other roots that may be necessary now, or in the future to communicate with and use Google Products and Services.
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